![]() The generic name " Homo" is a learned 18th-century derivation from Latin homō, which refers to humans of either sex. Long-distance trade routes might have led to cultural explosions and resource distribution that gave humans an advantage over other similar species.įurther information: Names for the human species and Human taxonomyĪll modern humans are classified into the species Homo sapiens, coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 1735 work Systema Naturae. Language, art, and trade are defining characteristics of humans. This has allowed great technological advancements and complex tool development to be possible through complex reasoning and the transmission of knowledge to subsequent generations. The human mind is capable of introspection, private thought, imagination, volition, and forming views on existence. They are highly intelligent, capable of episodic memory, have flexible facial expressions, self-awareness, and a theory of mind. Humans have a large, highly developed, and complex prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with higher cognition. Often, both the mother and the father provide care for their children, who are helpless at birth. Childbirth is dangerous, with a high risk of complications and death. Humans are generally diurnal, sleeping on average seven to nine hours per day. Humans can survive for up to eight weeks without food and three or four days without water. ![]() Humans are omnivorous, capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material, and have used fire and other forms of heat to prepare and cook food since the time of Homo erectus. Females are capable of pregnancy, usually between puberty, at around 12 years old, and menopause, around the age of 50. ![]() At puberty, humans develop secondary sexual characteristics. Humans are sexually dimorphic: generally, males have greater body strength and females have a higher body fat percentage. ![]() Though humans vary in many traits (such as genetic predispositions and physical features), any two humans are at least 99% genetically similar. Genes and the environment influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size, and life span. Humans have continued to expand, with a global population of over 8 billion as of 2022. As populations became larger and denser, forms of governance developed within and between communities, and a number of civilizations have risen and fallen. The Neolithic Revolution, which began in Southwest Asia around 13,000 years ago (and separately in a few other places), saw the emergence of agriculture and permanent human settlement. Humans began exhibiting behavioral modernity about 160,000–60,000 years ago. For most of history, humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Anatomically modern humans emerged around 300,000 years ago in Africa, evolving from Homo heidelbergensis or a similar species and migrating out of Africa, gradually replacing or interbreeding with local populations of archaic humans. The desire to understand and influence phenomena has motivated humanity's development of science, technology, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other conceptual frameworks.Īlthough some scientists equate the term " humans" with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, languages, and rituals, each of which bolsters human society. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. They are a type of great ape that is characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. Humans ( Homo sapiens) are the most abundant and widespread species of primate.
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